The Most Common Loan Words in Japanese

The Japanese language has borrowed many words from foreign countries, firstly from China as early as the Nara Period (710-794). Gairaigo (Ã¥ ¤â€"æ  ¥Ã¨ ªÅ¾) is the Japanese word for loan word or borrowed word. Many Chinese words were mixed into Japanese to the extent that they are no longer considered loan words. Most Chinese loan words are written in kanji and carry the Chinese reading (on-reading). Around the 17th century, the Japanese language began to borrow from many western languages. For example, from Portuguese, Dutch, German (especially from the field of medicine), French and Italian (not surprisingly many are from the fields of art, music, and food), and most of all, English. Today, English is the origin of most modern loan words.​ The Japanese use English words to express concepts for which they have no equivalents. However, some people simply prefer to use English expressions for practically or because it is fashionable. In fact, many loan words have existing synonyms in Japanese. For example, the Japanese word for business is shoubai 商å £ ², but the loan word bijinesu ãÆ'“ã‚ ¸Ã£Æ' Ã£â€š ¹ is also used. Another example is gyuunyuu 牛ä ¹ ³(Japanese word) and miruku ãÆ'ŸãÆ' «Ã£â€š ¯(loan word) for milk. Loan words are generally written in katakana, except the ones of Chinese origin. They are pronounced using Japanese pronunciation rules and Japanese syllables. Therefore, they end up quite different from the original pronunciation. This makes it hard to recognize the original foreign word. Many loan words are often abbreviated in ways they wouldnt get abbreviated in their original language. Examples of Loan Words Maiku ãÆ'žã‚ ¤Ã£â€š ¯ ---- microphoneSuupaa ã‚ ¹Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'‘ãÆ' ¼ ---- supermarketDepaato ãÆ'‡ãÆ'‘ãÆ' ¼Ã£Æ'ˆ --- department storeBiru ãÆ'“ãÆ' « ---- buildingIrasuto ã‚ ¤Ã£Æ' ©Ã£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'ˆ ---- illustrationMeeku ãÆ' ¡Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ¯ ---- make-upDaiya ãÆ'€ã‚ ¤Ã£Æ' ¤ ---- diamond Multiple words are also shortened, often to four syllables. Pasokon ãÆ'‘ã‚ ½Ã£â€š ³Ã£Æ' ³ ---- personal computerWaapuro ãÆ' ¯Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'â€"ãÆ' ­ ---- word processorAmefuto ã‚ ¢Ã£Æ' ¡Ã£Æ'•ãÆ'ˆ ---- American footballPuroresu ãÆ'â€"ãÆ' ­Ã£Æ' ¬Ã£â€š ¹ ---- professional wrestlingKonbini ã‚ ³Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'“ãÆ'‹ ---- convenience storeEakon ã‚ ¨Ã£â€š ¢Ã£â€š ³Ã£Æ' ³ ---- air conditioningMasukomi ãÆ'žã‚ ¹Ã£â€š ³Ã£Æ'Ÿ ---- mass media (from mass communication) A loan word can be generative. It may be combined with Japanese or other loanwords. Here are some examples. Shouene çÅ" Ã£â€š ¨Ã£Æ'  ---- energy savingShokupan é £Å¸Ã£Æ'‘ãÆ' ³ ---- loaf of breadKeitora è » ½Ã£Æ'ˆãÆ' © ---- light commercial truckNatsumero 㠁 ªÃ£  ¤Ã£Æ' ¡Ã£Æ' ­ ---- a once-popular song Loan words are often combined into Japanese as nouns. When they are combined with suru, it changes the word into a verb. The verb suru (to do) has many extended uses. Doraibu suru ãÆ'‰ãÆ' ©Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ'â€"㠁™ã‚‹ ---- to driveKisu suru ã‚ ­Ã£â€š ¹Ã£ â„¢Ã£â€šâ€¹ ---- to kissNokku suru ãÆ'ŽãÆ'Æ'ã‚ ¯Ã£ â„¢Ã£â€šâ€¹ ---- to knockTaipu suru ã‚ ¿Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ'â€"㠁™ã‚‹ ---- to type There are also loan words that are actually made in Japan. For example, sarariiman ã‚ µÃ£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'žãÆ' ³(salary man) refers to someone whose income is salary base, generally the people work for corporations. Another example, naitaa ãÆ'Šã‚ ¤Ã£â€š ¿Ã£Æ' ¼, comes from the English word night followed by ~er, means baseball games played at night. Common Loan Words Arubaito ã‚ ¢Ã£Æ' «Ã£Æ' Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ'ˆ ---- part-time job (from German arbeit)Enjin ã‚ ¨Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¸Ã£Æ' ³ ---- engineGamu ã‚ ¬Ã£Æ'   ---- chewing gumKamera ã‚ «Ã£Æ' ¡Ã£Æ' © ---- cameraGarasu ã‚ ¬Ã£Æ' ©Ã£â€š ¹ ---- glassKarendaa ã‚ «Ã£Æ' ¬Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'ۋÆ' ¼ ---- calendarTerebi ãÆ'†ãÆ' ¬Ã£Æ'“ ---- televisionHoteru ãÆ'݋Æ'†ãÆ' « ---- hotelResutoran ãÆ' ¬Ã£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'ˆãÆ' ©Ã£Æ' ³ ---- restaurantTonneru ãÆ'ˆãÆ' ³Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' « ---- tunnelMacchi ãÆ'žãÆ'Æ'ãÆ'  ---- matchMishin ãÆ'Ÿã‚ ·Ã£Æ' ³ ---- sewing machineRuuru ãÆ' «Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ' « ---- ruleReji ãÆ' ¬Ã£â€š ¸ ---- cash registerWaishatsu ãÆ' ¯Ã£â€š ¤Ã£â€š ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ'„ ---- solid colored dress shirt (from white shirt)Baa ãÆ' Ã£Æ' ¼ ---- barSutairu ã‚ ¹Ã£â€š ¿Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ' « ---- styleSutoorii ã‚ ¹Ã£Æ'ˆãÆ' ¼Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ¼ ---- storySumaato ã‚ ¹Ã£Æ'žãÆ' ¼Ã£Æ'ˆ ---- smartAidoru ã‚ ¢Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' « ---- idol, pop starAisukuriimu ã‚ ¢Ã£â€š ¤Ã£â€š ¹Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'   ---- ice creamAnime ã‚ ¢Ã£Æ'‹ãÆ' ¡ ---- animationAnkeeto ã‚ ¢Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ±Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'ˆ ---- questionnaire, survey (from French enquete)Baagen ãÆ' Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ²Ã£Æ' ³ ---- a sale at store (from bargain)Bataa ãÆ' Ã£â€š ¿Ã£Æ' ¼ ---- butterBiiru ãÆ'“ãÆ' ¼Ã£Æ' « ---- beer (from Dutch bier)Booru pen ãÆ'Å"ãÆ' ¼Ã£Æ' «Ã£Æ'šãÆ' ³ ---- ballpoint penDorama ãÆ'‰ãÆ' ©Ã£Æ'ž ---- TV dramaErebeetaa ã‚ ¨Ã£Æ' ¬Ã£Æ'™ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€š ¿Ã£Æ' ¼ ---- elevatorFurai ãÆ'•ãÆ' ©Ã£â€š ¤ ---- deep fryingFuronto ãÆ'•ãÆ' ­Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'ˆ ---- the reception deskGomu ã‚ ´Ã£Æ'   ---- rubber band (from Dutch gom)Handoru ãÆ' Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' « ---- handleHankachi ãÆ' Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š «Ã£Æ'  ---- handkerchiefImeeji ã‚ ¤Ã£Æ' ¡Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ¸ ---- imagejuusu ã‚ ¸Ã£Æ' ¥Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ¹ ---- juicekokku ã‚ ³Ã£Æ'Æ'ã‚ ¯ ---- cook (from Dutch kok) Nationality is expressed by adding jin ä º º, which literally means person, after the country name. Amerika-jin ã‚ ¢Ã£Æ' ¡Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š «Ã¤ º º---- AmericanItaria-jin ã‚ ¤Ã£â€š ¿Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¢Ã¤ º º ---- ItalianOranda-jin ã‚ ªÃ£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'ۊ º º---- DutchKanada-jin ã‚ «Ã£Æ'ŠãÆ'ۊ º º----- CanadianSupein-jin ã‚ ¹Ã£Æ'šã‚ ¤Ã£Æ' ³Ã¤ º º---- SpanishDoitsu-jin ãÆ'‰ã‚ ¤Ã£Æ'„ä º º---- GermanyFuransu-jin ãÆ'•ãÆ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¹Ã¤ º º---- French

The Color Purple by Alice Walker - 1042 Words

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Business Management Improves the Efficiency of an...

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The Golden Lily Chapter 4 Free Essays

string(47) " He was a Moroi who’d once been Strigoi\." SONYA DIDN’T SAY ANYTHING about the mysterious encounter to the rest of the gang at Adrian’s, so I respected her silence. Everyone else was too preoccupied with dinner and the experiments to notice much else. And once they conducted the second wave of experiments, even I grew too distracted to give much thought to the guy on the street. We will write a custom essay sample on The Golden Lily Chapter 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sonya had said she wanted to see how Eddie and Dimitri responded to direct spirit. This was accomplished by her and Adrian focusing their magic at the dhampirs one at a time. â€Å"It’s sort of like what we’d do if we were trying to heal them or make something grow,† Sonya explained to me. â€Å"Don’t worry – this isn’t going to make them supersized or anything. It’s more like we’re coating them with spirit magic. If Dimitri’s got some lasting mark from when he was healed, I’d imagine it would react with our magic.† She and Adrian coordinated their timing and did Eddie first. Initially, there was nothing to see – just the two spirit users staring at Eddie. He looked uncomfortable under the scrutiny. Then, I saw a silvery shimmer run over his body. I stepped back, amazed – and unnerved – at seeing a physical manifestation of spirit. They repeated the process on Dimitri, with the same results. Apparently, on an unseen level, things were the same too. There was nothing notable about Dimitri’s response. All of them took this in stride as part of the scientific process, but seeing that magic actually embrace the two men had creeped me out. As Eddie and I drove back to Amberwood that night, I found myself sitting as far away from him as I could in the car, as though residual magic might leak over and touch me. He chatted with me in our usual, friendly way, and I had to work hard to hide my feelings. Doing so made me feel guilty. This was Eddie, after all. My friend. The magic, even if it could’ve hurt me, was long since gone. A good night of sleep went a long ways to shake both my anxiety and guilt, leaving the magic a distant memory when I woke and prepared for classes the next day. Even though being at Amberwood was an assignment, I’d kind of come to love the elite school. I’d been homeschooled before this, and while my dad had certainly taught tough curriculum, he’d never gone beyond what he felt was necessary. Here, even if I surpassed what my classes were learning, there were plenty of teachers ready to encourage me to push farther. I hadn’t been allowed to go to college, but this was a nice substitute. Before I could get on to it, I had to chaperone a training session with Eddie and Angeline. Even though he might want to avoid her, he wouldn’t – not with Jill’s safety on the line. Angeline was part of Jill’s defense. I settled down in the grass with a cup of coffee, still wondering if he wasn’t just imagining Angeline’s interest. I’d recently acquired a one-cup coffee maker for my dorm room, and while it couldn’t compare to a coffee shop, it had gotten me through a number of rough mornings. A yawn smothered my greeting as Jill sat down beside me. â€Å"Eddie never trains me anymore,† she said wistfully, as we watched the spectacle. Eddie was trying to patiently explain to Angeline that headbutting, while suitable in a bar brawl, was not always the best tactic with Strigoi. â€Å"I’m sure he will if he gets more time,† I said, though I wasn’t sure at all. Now that he could admit his feelings for Jill to himself, he was nervous about touching her too much. That, and a chivalrous part of him didn’t want Jill risking herself anyway. It was ironic because Jill’s fierceness in wanting to learn self-defense (rare in a Moroi) was what had attracted him to her. â€Å"Angeline was recruited as protection. He’s got to make sure she can handle it.† â€Å"I know. I just feel like everyone’s trying to coddle me.† She frowned. â€Å"In PE, Micah won’t let me do anything. After I had all that trouble starting out, he’s now paranoid I’ll hurt myself. I keep telling him I’m fine, that it was just the sun†¦ but well, he keeps jumping in. It’s sweet†¦ but it drives me crazy sometimes.† â€Å"I’ve noticed it,† I admitted. I was in the same PE class. â€Å"I don’t think that’s why Eddie won’t train you, though. He knows you can do it. He’s proud that you can†¦ he just thinks that if he’s doing his job, you shouldn’t have to learn. Kind of weird logic.† â€Å"No, I get it.† Her earlier dismay shifted to approval as she turned back to the training session. â€Å"He’s so dedicated†¦ and, well, good at what he does.† â€Å"The knee’s an easy way to disable someone,† Eddie told Angeline. â€Å"Especially if you’re caught without a weapon and have to – â€Å" â€Å"When are you going to teach me to stake or decapitate?† she interrupted, hands on her hips. â€Å"All the time, it’s hit here, dodge this, blah, blah, blah. I need to practice killing Strigoi.† â€Å"No, you don’t.† Eddie was the picture of patience and back in the determined, ready mode I knew so well. â€Å"You’re not here to kill Strigoi. Maybe we can practice that at a later time, but right now, your priority is keeping mortal assassins away from Jill. That takes precedence over anything else, even our lives.† He glanced over at Jill for emphasis, and there was a flash of admiration in his eyes as he looked at her. â€Å"Seems like decapitation would kill Moroi just the same,† Angeline grumbled. â€Å"And besides, you did have a Strigoi problem last month.† Jill shifted uneasily beside me, and even Eddie paused. It was true – he had had to kill two Strigoi recently, back when Adrian’s apartment had been Keith’s. Lee Donahue had led the Strigoi to us. He was a Moroi who’d once been Strigoi. You read "The Golden Lily Chapter 4" in category "Essay examples" After he was returned to his natural state, Lee had wanted desperately to become a Strigoi again. He was the reason we’d learned that those restored by spirit seemed to have some Strigoi resistance. The two Strigoi he’d called to help him had tried to convert him but ended up killing him instead – a better fate than being undead, in my opinion. Those Strigoi had then turned on the rest of us and inadvertently revealed something unexpected and alarming (if not to them, then to me). My blood was inedible. They’d tried to drink from me and been unable to. With all the fallout from that night, no one among the Alchemists or Moroi had paid much attention to that small detail – and I was grateful. I was terrified that one of these days someone would think to put me under a microscope. â€Å"That was a fluke,† said Eddie at last. â€Å"Not one that’s likely to happen again. Now watch the way my leg moves, and remember that a Moroi will probably be taller than you.† He did a demonstration, and I cast a quick look at Jill. Her face was unreadable. She never talked about Lee, whom she’d dated briefly. Micah had gone a long way to distract her on the romantic front, but having your last boyfriend want to become a bloodthirsty monster couldn’t be an easy thing to get over. I had a feeling she was still in pain, even if she did a great job at hiding it. â€Å"You’re too rigid,† Eddie told Angeline, after several attempts. She completely relaxed her body, almost like a marionette. â€Å"So, what? Like this?† He sighed. â€Å"No. You still need some tension.† Eddie moved behind her and attempted to guide her into position, showing her how to bend her knees and hold her arms. Angeline took the opportunity to lean back into him and brush her body suggestively against his. My eyes widened. Okay. Maybe he wasn’t imagining things. â€Å"Hey!† He leapt backwards, a look of horror on his face. â€Å"Pay attention! You need to learn this.† Her expression was pure angelic innocence. â€Å"I am. I’m just trying to use your body to learn what to do with mine.† So help me, she batted her eyelashes. Eddie moved back even farther. I realized I should probably intervene, no matter what Eddie had said about handling his own problems. An even better savior came when the school’s thirty-minute warning bell rang. I jumped up. â€Å"Hey, we should go if we want to get to breakfast in time. Right now.† Angeline gave me a suspicious look. â€Å"Don’t you usually skip breakfast?† â€Å"Yeah, but I’m not the one putting in a hard morning’s work. Besides, you still need to change and – wait, you’re in your uniform?† I hadn’t even noticed. Whenever Eddie and Jill trained, it was always in casual workout clothes – just like he wore now. Angeline had actually come out today in an Amberwood uniform, skirt and blouse, that were showing the wear and tear of a morning’s battle. â€Å"Yeah, so?† She tucked in her blouse where it had started to come undone. The side of it was smudged with dirt. â€Å"You should change,† I said. â€Å"Nah. This is fine.† I wasn’t so sure, but at least it was better than the jean shorts. Eddie did leave to put on his uniform and never came back for breakfast. I knew he liked his breakfasts, and since he was a guy, he could change clothes pretty quickly. My guess was he was sacrificing food to stay away from Angeline. I heard my name called as we entered the cafeteria and caught sight of Kristin Sawyer and Julia Cavendish waving to me. Aside from Trey, they were the two closest friends I’d made at Amberwood. I still had miles to go in ever being socially savvy, but those two had helped me a lot. And with all the supernatural intrigue my job involved, there was something comforting about being around people who were normal†¦ and, well, human. Even if I couldn’t be fully honest with them. â€Å"Sydney, we have a fashion question for you,† Julia said. She tossed her blonde hair over one shoulder, her usual sign that what she was about to say was of utmost importance. â€Å"A fashion question for me?† I was almost ready to glance back and see if maybe there was another Sydney standing behind me. â€Å"I don’t think anyone’s ever asked that.† â€Å"You have really nice clothes,† Kristin insisted. She had dark skin and hair, as well as an athletic air that contrasted with Julia’s more girly nature. â€Å"Too nice, actually. If my mom were ten years younger, cool, and had a lot more money, she’d dress just like you.† I didn’t know if that was a compliment or not, but Julia didn’t give me a chance to ruminate. â€Å"Tell her, Kris.† â€Å"Remember that counseling internship I wanted next semester? I scored an interview,† Kristin explained. â€Å"I’m trying to decide if I should wear pants and a blazer or a dress.† Ah, that explained why they were coming to me. An interview. Anything else they could have pulled from a fashion magazine. And while I could admit that I probably was the authority on such practical matters†¦ well, I was kind of disappointed that was what I’d been summoned for. â€Å"What color are they?† â€Å"The blazer’s red, and the dress is navy.† I studied Kristin, taking in her features. On her wrist was a scar, the remnant of an insidious tattoo I’d helped remove, back when Keith’s shady tattoo ring had run rampant. â€Å"Do the dress. Wait†¦ is it a dress you’d wear to church or to a nightclub?† â€Å"Church,† she said, not sounding happy about it. â€Å"Dress for sure then,† I said. Kristin flashed a triumphant look at Julia. â€Å"See? I told you that’s what she’d say.† Julia looked doubtful. â€Å"The blazer’s more fun. It’s bright red.† â€Å"Yeah, but ‘fun’ isn’t usually what you want to portray at an interview,† I pointed out. It was hard to keep a straight face with their banter. â€Å"At least not for this kind of job.† Julia still didn’t seem convinced, but she also didn’t try to talk Kristin out of my sound fashion advice. A few moments later, Julia perked up. â€Å"Hey, is it true Trey set you up with some guy?† â€Å"I†¦ what? No. Where’d you hear that?† Like I had to ask. She’d undoubtedly heard it from Trey himself. â€Å"Trey said he’d talked to you about it,† said Kristin. â€Å"How this guy’s perfect for you.† â€Å"It’s a great idea, Syd,† said Julia, face as serious as if we were discussing a life or death matter. â€Å"It’d be good for you. I mean, since school started, I’ve gone out with†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She paused and silently counted out names on her fingers. â€Å"†¦ four guys. You know how many you’ve gone out with?† She held up a fist. â€Å"That many.† â€Å"I don’t need to go out with anyone,† I argued. â€Å"I have enough complications already. I’m pretty sure that would add more.† â€Å"What complications?† laughed Kristin. â€Å"Your awesome grades, killer body, and perfect hair? I mean, okay, your family’s a little out there, but come on, everyone has time for a date now and then – or lots, in Julia’s case.† â€Å"Hey,† said Julia, though she didn’t deny the charge. Kristin pushed forward, making me think she was more suited to a legal internship than a counseling one. â€Å"Skip homework for once. Give this guy a shot, and we can all go out together sometime. It’d be fun.† I gave them a forced smile and murmured something noncommittal. Everyone has time for a date now and then. Everyone but me, of course. I felt a surprising pang of longing, not for a date but just for social interaction. Kristin and Julia went out a lot with a larger group of friends and love interests and often invited me on their outings. They thought my reticence was because of homework or, perhaps, no suitable guy to go with me. I wished it were that simple, and suddenly, it was as though there was a huge chasm separating me from Kristin and Julia. I was their friend, and they had welcomed me to every part of their lives. Meanwhile, I was full of secrets and half truths. Part of me wished I could be open with them and able to confide all the woes of my Alchemist life. Heck, part of me just wished I really could go on one of these outings and let go of my duties for a night. It would never work, of course. We’d be out at a movie, and I’d probably get texted to come cover up a Strigoi slaying. This mood wasn’t uncommon for me, and it began lightening as I started my school day. I fell into the rhythm of my schedule, comfortable in its familiarity. Teachers always assigned the most work over weekends, and I was pleased to be able to turn in all that I’d done on my plane rides. Unfortunately, my last class of the day derailed all the progress of my mood. Actually, class wasn’t the right word. It was an independent study I had with my history teacher, Ms. Terwilliger. Ms. Terwilliger had recently revealed herself to be a magic user, a witch of sorts or whatever those people referred to themselves as. Alchemists had heard rumors of them, but it was nothing we had a lot of experience with or facts about. To our knowledge, only Moroi wielded magic. We utilized it in our lily tattoos – which had trace amounts of vampire blood – but the thought of humans producing it in the same way was crazy and twisted. That was why it was such a surprise when Ms. Terwilliger not only revealed herself to me last month but also ended up kind of tricking me into wielding a spell. It had left me shocked and even feeling dirty. Magic was not for humans to use. We had no right to manipulate the world like that; it was a hundred times worse than what Sonya had done to the red lily on the street. Ms. Terwilliger insisted I had a natural affinity for magic and had offered to train me. Why she wanted this, exactly, I wasn’t sure. She’d gone on and on about the potential I had, but I could hardly believe she’d want to train me without a reason of her own. I hadn’t figured out what that might be, but it didn’t matter. I’d refused her offer. So, she’d found a workaround. â€Å"Miss Melbourne, how much longer do you think you’ll be on the Kimball book?† she called from her desk. Trey had picked up â€Å"Melbourne† from her, but unlike him, she seemed to constantly forget that wasn’t my actual name. She was in her forties, with mousy brown hair and a perpetually cunning glint in her eyes. I looked up from my work, forcing politeness. â€Å"Two more days. Three at most.† â€Å"Make sure to translate all three of the sleep of spells,† she said. â€Å"Each has its own nuances.† â€Å"There are four sleep spells in this book,† I corrected. â€Å"Are there?† she asked innocently. â€Å"I’m glad to see they’re making an impression.† I hid a scowl. Having me copy and translate spell books for research was how she taught me. I couldn’t help but learn the texts as I read them. I hated that I’d been ensnared, but it was too late in the school year to transfer out. Besides, I could hardly complain to the administration that I was being forced to learn magic. So, I dutifully copied her spell books and spoke as little as possible during our time together. Meanwhile, I simmered with resentment. She was well aware of my discomfort but made no attempts to alleviate the tension, leaving us in a stalemate. Only one thing brightened those sessions. â€Å"Look at that. It’s been nearly two hours since my last cappuccino. It’s a wonder I can function. Would you be kind enough to run to Spencer’s? That should finish us out for the day.† The last bell had rung fifteen minutes ago, but I’d been putting in some overtime. I was already closing the spell book before she finished speaking. When I’d begun as her assistant, I’d resented the constant errands. Now, I looked forward to the escape. Not to mention my own caffeine fix. When I reached the coffee shop, I found Trey was just starting his shift, which was great – not just because he was a friendly face, but because it meant discounts. He began making my order before I even placed it since he knew the drill by now. Another barista offered to help, and Trey gave him meticulous instructions on what to do. â€Å"Skinny vanilla latte,† said Trey, grabbing the caramel for Ms. Terwilliger’s cappuccino. â€Å"That’s sugar-free syrup and skim. Don’t mess it up. She can sniff out sugar and 2% milk a mile away.† I suppressed a smile. Maybe I couldn’t reveal Alchemist secrets to my friends, but it was nice to know they at least knew my coffee preferences backwards and forwards. The other barista, who looked to be our age, gave Trey a droll look. â€Å"I’m well aware of what skinny means.† â€Å"Nice attention to detail,† I teased Trey. â€Å"I didn’t know you cared.† â€Å"Hey, I live to serve,† he said. â€Å"Besides, I need your help tonight with that lab write-up from chem. You always find things I miss.† â€Å"It’s due tomorrow,† I chastised. â€Å"You had two weeks. I’m guessing you didn’t get much done in your cheerleader study session.† â€Å"Yeah, yeah. Will you help me out? I’ll even go to your campus.† â€Å"I’ll be up late with a study group – a real one.† The opposite sex was banned from our dorms after a certain hour. â€Å"I could meet you on Central Campus afterward if you want.† â€Å"How many campuses does your school have?† asked the other barista, setting down my latte. â€Å"Three.† I reached eagerly for the coffee. â€Å"Like Gaul.† â€Å"Like what?† asked Trey. â€Å"Sorry,† I said. â€Å"Latin joke.† â€Å"Omnia Gallia in tres partes divisa est,† said the barista. I jerked my head up. Not much could have distracted me from coffee, but hearing Julius Caesar quoted at Spencer’s certainly did. â€Å"You know Latin?† I asked. â€Å"Sure,† he said. â€Å"Who doesn’t?† Trey rolled his eyes. â€Å"Only the rest of the world,† he muttered. â€Å"Especially classical Latin,† continued the barista. â€Å"I mean, it’s pretty remedial compared to Medieval Latin.† â€Å"Obviously,† I said. â€Å"Everyone knows that. All the rules became chaotic in the post-Empire decentralization.† He nodded agreement. â€Å"Although, if you compare it to the Romance languages, the rules start to make sense when you read them as part of the larger picture of the language’s evolution.† â€Å"This,† interrupted Trey, â€Å"is the most messed-up thing I’ve ever seen. And the most beautiful. Sydney, this is Brayden. Brayden, Sydney.† Trey rarely used my first name, so that was weird, but not nearly as weird as the exaggerated wink he gave me. I shook Brayden’s hand. â€Å"Nice to meet you.† â€Å"You too,† he said. â€Å"You’re a Classics fan, huh?† He paused, giving me a long, considering look. â€Å"Did you see the Park Theatre Group’s production of Antony and Cleopatra this summer?† â€Å"No. Didn’t even know they performed it.† I suddenly felt kind of lame for not having known that, as though I should be up on all arts and culture events in the greater Palm Springs area. I added by way of explanation, â€Å"I only moved here a month ago.† â€Å"I think they have a couple performances left in the season.† Brayden hesitated once more. â€Å"I’d see it again if you wanted to go. Though I’ll warn you – it’s one of those reinterpreted Shakespeare productions. Modern clothes.† â€Å"I don’t mind. That kind of reinterpretation is what makes Shakespeare timeless.† The words rolled automatically off my lips. As they did, I suddenly had one of those epiphany moments where I realized there was more going on than I’d initially thought. I replayed Brayden’s words. Between that and Trey’s enormous grin, I soon had a startling realization. This was the guy Trey had been telling me about. My â€Å"soul mate.† And he was asking me out. â€Å"This is a great idea,† said Trey. â€Å"You kids should totally go see that play. Make a whole day of it. Grab some dinner and hang out at the library or whatever it is you do for fun.† Brayden met my eyes. His were hazel, almost like Eddie’s but with a little green. Not as much green as Adrian’s, of course. No one’s eyes were that amazingly green. Brayden’s brown hair occasionally picked up glints of gold in the light and was cut in a no-nonsense way that showed off the angles of his cheekbones. I had to admit, he was pretty cute. â€Å"They perform Thursday through Sunday,† he said. â€Å"I’ve got a debate tournament over the weekend†¦ could you do it Thursday night?† â€Å"I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Could I? There was nothing planned, so far as I knew. About twice a week, I took Jill to the home of Clarence Donahue, an old Moroi who had a feeder. Thursday wasn’t a scheduled feeding night, though, and technically I wasn’t obligated to go to experiment nights. â€Å"Of course she’s free,† Trey jumped in before I could even answer. â€Å"Right, Sydney?† â€Å"Yes,† I said, shooting him a look. â€Å"I’m free.† Brayden smiled. I smiled back. Nervous silence fell. He seemed as unsure as I was about how to proceed. I would have thought it was cute, if I wasn’t so worried that I looked ridiculous. Trey elbowed him sharply. â€Å"This is the part where you ask for her number.† Brayden nodded, though he didn’t look like he appreciated the elbowing. â€Å"Right, right.† He pulled a cell phone out of his pocket. â€Å"Is it Sydney with a y or i?† Trey rolled his eyes. â€Å"What? I’m guessing the former, but as naming conventions become increasingly untraditional, you never know. I just want to get it right in my phone.† â€Å"I would have done the same thing,† I agreed. I then told him my phone number. He looked up and smiled at me. â€Å"Great. I’m looking forward to it.† â€Å"Me too,† I said, and actually meant it. I left Spencer’s in a daze. I had a date. How on earth did I have a date? Trey hurried out to me a few moments later, catching me as I was unlocking my car. He still wore his barista apron. â€Å"Well?† he asked. â€Å"Was I right, or was I right?† â€Å"About what?† I asked, though I had a feeling I knew what was coming. â€Å"About Brayden being your soul mate.† â€Å"I told you – â€Å" â€Å"I know, I know. You don’t believe in soul mates. Still,† he grinned, â€Å"if that guy isn’t perfect for you, then I don’t know who is.† â€Å"Well, we’ll see.† I balanced Ms. Terwilliger’s cup on top of the car, so I could drink from my own. â€Å"Of course, he doesn’t like modern Shakespearean interpretations, so that might be a deal breaker.† Trey stared at me in disbelief. â€Å"Seriously?† â€Å"No,† I said, giving him a look. â€Å"I’m kidding. Well, maybe.† The latte Brayden had made me was pretty good, so I was willing to give him the benefit of a doubt on the Shakespeare thing. â€Å"Why do you care so much about my romantic life anyway?† Trey shrugged and stuffed his hands into his pockets. Already, beads of sweat were forming on his tanned skin from the late afternoon sun. â€Å"I don’t know. I guess I feel like I owe you for everything that went down with the tattoos. That and all your homework help.† â€Å"You don’t really need my help with that. And the tattoos†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I frowned, as an image of Keith beating on the glass flashed through my mind. Keith’s vampire blood ring had resulted in high-inducing tattoos that had wreaked havoc on Amberwood. Trey, of course, didn’t know about my personal interest in the matter. He just knew I’d gotten rid of those who were using the tattoos to unfair advantage in sports. â€Å"I did it because it was the right thing to do.† That made him smile. â€Å"Of course. Still, it’s saved me a lot of grief with my dad.† â€Å"I should hope so. You don’t have any competition on the team now. What more could your dad want?† â€Å"Oh, there’s always something else he thinks I could be the best at. It’s not just football.† Trey had hinted at that before. â€Å"I know what that’s like,† I said, thinking of my own father. A moment of silence fell between us. â€Å"It doesn’t help that my perfect cousin’s coming into town soon,† he said finally. â€Å"Makes everything I do look completely lame. You got a cousin like that?† â€Å"Er, not really.† Most of my cousins were on my mom’s side, and my dad tended to shy away from her family. â€Å"You probably are the perfect cousin,† Trey grumbled. â€Å"Anyway, yeah, there’re always these expectations in the family†¦ always these tests. Football’s given me some respectability for now.† He winked at me. â€Å"That and my awesome chem grade.† That last comment wasn’t lost on me. â€Å"Fine. I’ll text you when I get back tonight. We’ll make it happen.† â€Å"Thanks. And I’ll give Brayden a talking-to so he doesn’t try anything on Thursday.† My mind was still full of Latin and Shakespeare. â€Å"Try what?† Trey shook his head. â€Å"Honestly, Melbourne, I don’t know how you’ve survived this long in the world without me.† â€Å"Oh,† I said, blushing. â€Å"That.† Great. Now I had something else to worry about. Trey scoffed. â€Å"Between you and me, Brayden’s probably the last guy in the world you have to worry about. I think he’s as clueless as you are. If I didn’t care about your virtue so much, I’d actually probably give him a lecture on how to try something.† â€Å"Well, thanks for keeping my best interests at heart,† I said dryly. â€Å"I always wanted a brother to watch out for me.† He studied me curiously. â€Å"Don’t you have, like, three brothers?† Oh no. â€Å"Er, I meant figuratively.† I tried not to panic. I rarely slipped up on our background story. Eddie, Adrian, and Keith had all been passed off as my brothers at some point. â€Å"None of them are really that concerned about my dating life. What I’m concerned about, though, is getting into air conditioning.† I opened my car door, and a wave of heat rolled out. â€Å"I’ll talk to you tonight and help you with the lab.† Trey nodded, looking like he wanted to get back inside as well. â€Å"And I’ll help you if you have any more questions about dating.† I hoped my scathing look told him my opinion on that, but once he was gone and I was blasting the car’s air conditioning, my arrogance faded. Anxiety took its place. The question I’d asked myself earlier repeated in my head. How on earth was I going to get through this date alive? How to cite The Golden Lily Chapter 4, Essay examples

Managing Engineering Projects

Question: Write an essay on ManagingEngineering Projects? Answer: Introduction The organizational structure, the product life cycle, communication, management of change and risk management plays a vital role in running an organization effectively and efficiently. It has also been found that if an organization runs effectively and efficiently, then it helps the organization to run profitably (Cooke, Tate and Cooke 2011). In this report, the present situation of the organization has been analyzed in order to understand its condition in detail and as per the analysis; recommendations have been provided in order to run the organization smoothly and effectively in the highly competitive market. In this particular report, the analyses of the business of the organization JCB have been done with respect to certain areas of the organization. In addition to this, the negativities of the specified firm JCB have been compared with its competitors (Competitive Benchmarking) with the aim to identify the proper ways in which the organization JCB can run effectively and effici ently in order to increase its profit percentages and the profitability ratios. The particular market sector is highly competitive therefore, the analyses of the business of the organization JCB has been performed with respect to some specific areas. These include the present organizational structure of the firm JCB, the current product life cycle of all the products manufactured by the particular firm JCB, the style and method of communication that is used within the organization. Additionally, the other areas that have been concerned for analysis in this report include the process of implementing the changes within the firm and to manage the implemented changes i.e. the management of change and lastly to assess the risks involved within the operation and the regulation of the organization (Dinsmore and Cabanis-Brewin 2011). The main objectives of this report are to recommend the particular organization JCB regarding the changes that are required in its present organizational structure, position or stages of all its products that have been mentioned in the pr ovided case study in their product life cycle, importance of communication in project management and the needs to change within the firm. In addition to these, the numbers of risks that the company faces have also been identified and recommended based on the analysis of certain areas of the firm for running the business successfully and profitably. Company background J.C. Bamford Excavators Limited is commonly known as JCB. It is a universally known company founded in the year 1945 and it is headquartered in Rocester that is situated in Staffordshire in the country United Kingdom (Jcbna.com 2016). Anthony Bamford is the Chair person of the particular company. JCB is a private company that belongs to the industry of heavy equipment. The main products of the firm JCB include the Agriculture Waste Handling Machinery, Construction Machinery and Demolition Machinery (Jcbcard.com 2016). The organization JCB is a British multinational corporation and it has been considered as the third largest construction equipment manufacturer across the world. It has been found that the particular company JCB produces more than 300 types of machines. These include excavators, diggers (backhoes), diesel engines and tractors. The specified company JCB has about 22 numbers of factories across the world; the countries include Europe, Asia, South America and North Amer ica (Jcb.com 2016). It has been noted that the products of the firm JCB are sold in more than 150 countries. As per the annual report of the company JCB of the year 2015, the total revenue of the firm was 5.26 billion and the total numbers of employees working under the company across the world are about 18,000 staffs. An analysis of suitable organisational structure The organizational structure is defined as a typical hierarchical arrangement of communications, lines of authority, duties and rights of an organization. This helps in determining the process by which the power, roles and responsibilities of an individual are controlled, assigned and coordinated (Dinsmore and Cabanis-Brewin 2014). The organizational structure also helps in determining or identifying the method by which the information flows from various levels of management it can be from top-level management to bottom level or vice versa. Therefore, in other words, it can be said that the organizational structure is defined as the method by which the activities such as - coordination, task allocation and supervision are directed for the achievement of the aims and objectives of the organization. This can also be termed as the viewing glass or the perspective by which the organization and its environment are viewed by the individuals. As per the case study of the organization JCB, it has been found that in present the particular firm follows the following organizational structure: From the above organizational structure, it can be said that the particular firm JCB follows a huge as well as a complex organizational structure. Therefore, various issues like communication gap, misunderstanding, miscommunication, time consumption and organizational conflict are the very common problems within the firm (Dunne and Dunne 2011). The present organizational structure of the firm JCB indicates that the Managing Director of the firm, Mark Mumford regulates and operates the whole organization. He directly communicates with the Technical Director Georgia Mumford, Production and Operation Director Peter Mumford and Leadership and Logistics Director John Mumford. Therefore, any decision taken by the managing director of the firm is directly communicated with the three directors and they individually communicate the decision of the managing director of the firm to the engineering manager, team managers (team manager 1, team manager 2 and team manager 3) and the sales and l ogistics managers respectively (Jcb.co.uk 2016). As per the present organizational structure of the firm JCB, the technical director is the middle person between the managing director and the engineering manager. For the manager team 1, manager team 2 and manager team 3, the production and operation director is the middle person between the managers and the managing director. And leadership and logistics director is the middle person of the sales manager and logistics manager and the managing director of the firm. It has been found that further the engineering manager communicate the decision of the managing director to the supervisor and the other employees of the firm respectively. Similarly, the team managers also communicate the decision taken by the managing director to the supervisors of each of the three teams and then to the other employees of the department respectively. On the other hand, the sales manager act as the middle person who communicates the directors message to the sales staffs and similarly, the logistics manager communicate the directors message to the drivers (Gido and Clements 2012). From the analysis of the existing organizational structure, it can be said that the present organizational structure is much large and complex. Thus, it takes much time to reach the managing directors message or decision to the lower level management and employees of the organization as there are several middle persons who communicate the message. Therefore, there is a high probability that the directors message might be modified and can affect the employees adversely. This negative effect might lead to the poor performance of the employees and the rate of productivity might also get hampered by lowering the quantity of production (Heagney 2012). Therefore, the particular firm should implement such an organizational structure that will be simple and the total numbers of middle persons will also be lowered in the structure in order to avoid any confusion, miscommunication and misunderstandings between the different levels of management and the employees of the firm. A small and simple organizational structure can be recommended for the particular firm JCB, it is as follows: Figure 1: Primary Organizational Structure (Source: Dinsmore and Cabanis-Brewin 2011) This above structure indicates that the CEO of the firm can communicate easily with all the primary departments of the organization within a short duration and thus, any miscommunication and misunderstanding can be avoided within the firm that might cause due to the increased numbers of middle persons. In this recommended structure, the CEO can easily communicate to the various levels of management and vice versa. Thus, both upward and downward communication can take place easily (Harrin and Peplow 2012). In addition to this, this recommended structure will help to reduce the duration of communication. Thus time consumption will be reduced in this newly recommended organizational structure. The role of the project manager within the firm JCB can be better understood from the following detailed organizational structure: Figure 2: Project Manager Location in the Recommended Organizational Structure (Source: Harrin and Peplow 2012) The above organizational structure indicates that the president of the organization JCB can directly communicate with the finance department, engineering department, marketing department and purchasing department (Lock 2014). In addition to this, the president of the firm can also directly communicate with the project manager. Therefore, this newly recommended organizational structure will help the upper level management to communicate with the lower level management and vice versa easily. The simple structure will help to save time and thus various risks can also be decreased within the operation and regulation of the firm. Moreover, this structure is important for the organization JCB as the purchasing department is distinctly linked with the President of the firm and therefore the particular department can easily communicate with the president. Thus, the issue faced by the organization regarding the waiting period of seven days for the supply of the raw materials can also be aboli shed or reduced in order to run the business successfully within a high competitive market (Heldman 2011). In order to run the business successfully, the firm can implement the more detailed organizational structure. This includes the following organizational structure for grouping the employees into every department. This grouping of the employees within a particular department helps in operating and regulating the business successfully (Morris 2013). The grouping of the employees into each department can be divided into two types, these include functional grouping and divisional grouping as follows: Image 4 From the above detailed organizational structure, it can be said that the functional grouping is composed of the departments as per its functions. Therefore, on the basis of the functions, the departments of the organization JCB have been grouped. Thus, as per the organizational structure based on the functional grouping, the CEO of the organization JCB is directly communicated with the engineering, marketing and manufacturing (Richman and Richman 2011). On the other hand, on the basis of the divisional grouping, the organizational structure of the particular firm is composed of product division 1, product division 2 and product division 3 that are directly connected with the CEO of JCB. It has been found that most of the construction equipment manufacturer like Volvo, Komatsu, Caterpillar and Liebherr follow the mentioned Functional and Divisional Organization structure in order to run the business successfully in the high competitive market. The reasons behind implementing the divisional organizational structure within the construction equipment manufacturer industry are firstly, this particular organizational structure is suited to fast change in any unbalanced environment. Secondly, this particular structure leads to customer satisfaction as the contact points and product responsibility are clear. The divisional organizational structure includes high coordination across all the functions (Richman 2012). This structure permits the units to adapt variances in regions, products and clients. Moreover, this structure is the most suitable and best option for the large organizations like JCB, Caterpillar which have many products. In addition to this, this particular or ganizational structure decentralizes the decision-making skill of the firm. Therefore, it can be said that the firm JCB should implement the divisional organizational structure in order to run the business successfully in the high competitive market. On the other hand, it has also been found that the organizations that have implemented the functional organizational structure have also been get benefitted from the structure. Therefore, the firm JCB should implement the functional structure as it allows the economies of scale within the functional departments. This structure enables the organization to develop skills and in-depth knowledge about the operation and regulation of the firm (Neal and Harpham 2012). It also enables the firm to achieve functional goals. Therefore, JCB should implement these functional and divisional organizational structures in order to run the organization effectively and also to increase the profit percentage of the firm. An evaluation of where products are in their product lifecycle The product life cycle is defined as a concept as per which the marketing of an organization takes place. A product life cycle is composed of various stages where every step of a product is mentioned through which the product goes from its initiation point until it is removed finally from the market (Silvius 2012). It has been found that all products do not reach the last or final stage of the product life cycle as the management of the company handles the product in such a way that it never declines and thus it continuously provides revenue as well as profit to the firm. The continuous growth of the product leads to rise in the income of the firm; otherwise the fall leads the firm to a loss making organization. It has been found that the product life cycle is composed of four stages at first, introduction of a product, secondly, growth of the product, thirdly, the maturity or the stabilization of the product and lastly decline of the product (Roberts 2011). The product life cycle i s represented by measuring time in the X-axis and by putting Product Sales Volume in the Y-axis. According to the provided case study, the firm JCB has various products but mainly names of some of the large equipments have been mentioned. These are Back-loaders, Tele-handlers, excavators and forklift trucks. As per the case study, it has been found that the market of the particular industry is highly competitive and as per the company history, it has been found that the particular organization has been established in the year 1945 (www.jcbindia.com 2016). Therefore, it can be said that most of the products of the firm JCB are in maturity stage. According to the company website, it has been found that all the mentioned machines that are Back-loaders, Tele-handlers, excavators and forklift trucks are all in their maturity stage. Thus, each of the products of the firm is in the topmost position in the market in respect to its sales volume across the world (Wells and Kloppenborg 2015). It has also been noted that some of the mentioned machines like back-loaders and excavators have been modified by the firm for meeting the new demands of the customers. Therefore, in other words, it can also be said that the machineries back-loaders and excavators are in the growth stage of the product life cycle. Though, it has been found earlier that these two mentioned machineries once have reached their maturity stage and in order to retain the maturity stage of the product life cycle, the firm has modified its products in order to meet the growing demands of its clients. Thus, it can be recommended that the firm JCB should keep a notice regarding the stage of each of its products in the product life cycle. Most of the products of the particular organization have reached their maturity stage and therefore, as per the thumb of rule, it can be said that the products might reach the next stage i.e. the decline stage within near future. However, if the products of the firm enter the decline stage, it indicates the sales of the firm will reduce and along with it the profit percentage of the firm will also decrease (Young 2013). Therefore, it can be recommended that the management should keep modifying all its products such that all of the products can be retained in the growth and maturity stages of the product life cycle. In addition to this, it can also be said that the organization JCB should deliver all its products in time and thus, the duration of the suppliers for supplying the raw materials should also be reduced or abolished in order to cope up wi th the high competitive market. Role of communication in project management Communication plays a vital role in project management as the project manager is liable for guiding every aspect of a project. Therefore, it can also be said that a proper communication plan is necessary for making a project successful. By understanding the aim of the project, a proper communication plan helps the project manager to realize the goals and objectives of the plan (Dessler 2013). A proper communication is an important factor in project management as it helps to maintain consistency, helps to fulfil expectations, motivates the employees of the firm to increase the quantity of productivity and it also enables the manager to lead the team to the desired project outcome. As per the case study, it has been found that the particular company JCB Limited has a large and complex organizational structure. Thus, it has a several numbers of middle persons who help to communicate between the higher level of management and lower level of management team by passing on the information f rom one level to another. As the present organizational structure is complex and large, development of a communication gap is a common issue (Chapman, Ward and Chapman 2012). Due to this communication, both the upward and downward communication gets affected adversely. This negative effect due to the communication might create misunderstanding and miscommunication between the higher level managers and the employees of the firm (Hall and Knapp 2013). Thus, it can be said that the communication gap has a negative effect on the psychology of the employees and therefore, it also affects the overall performance of the employees. The negative effect on the overall performances of the employees implies adverse effect on the productivity of the firm. Therefore, it can be recommended that the present organizational structure of the firm JCB Limited should be modified or changed as per the requirement. The increased communication gap increases the distance between the management and the emplo yees, thus it takes longer period of time to solve a single problem (Gaudenzi and Borghesi 2012). On the other hand, an increased communication gap might also create additional problems in the operation and the regulation of the business of the company JCB Limited. The increase in the communication gap increases the barrier in communication between the upper level of management and the lower level of management and even between the management and the employees of the organization. As the present organizational structure is large and complex any information or any message takes longer time to reach the bottom level of the structure from the uppermost level or vice versa. Therefore, it can be recommended that the organizational structure should be modified in order to make it simpler so that all the information and message can be communicated easily among the upper and lower level of management. As the communication gap changes or modifies the quality of the decision of the manager, i t might have negative effect on the employees as well as the overall organization (George and Jones 2012). Another aspect is the issue of more time consumption due to the implementation of the Just in Time (JIT) process within the firm JCB Limited. As the market is highly competitive, time is an important factor and all these problems can be easily communicated to the upper level management if the communication becomes simpler among the lower and upper level of management. Thus, from these the importance of the communication in the project management can be better understood (Hopkin 2012). It can be recommended that the various barriers to communication should be reduced within the organization in order to improve the sales revenue of the firm and also to increase its profit percentages. The organization JCB Limited could get benefitted from the improved communication in the project in various ways. Firstly, by modifying the organizational structure of the organization JCB, it can be made much simpler. This will help in easy communication between the upper level of management and lower level of management and vice versa. Secondly, all the various types of barriers to communication will be abolished or reduced (Hayton 2011). Thirdly, improved communication will lead the firm to take relatively lesser time in reaching any information or message from the upper level of management to the bottom level of management and vice versa. Therefore, any problems or issues or challenges that are faced by the employees and the management of the organization can be solved easily and also in shorter period of time. Fourthly, proper communication will reduce the communication gap within the organization among the upper level of management, bottom level of management and the employees (Meyer and Reniers 2013). Fifthly, improved communication within the firm JCB limited will help to maintain or withhold the quality of the decision made by the topmost level of management. Sixthly, either the improved communication will reduce or it will abolish any misunderstanding and miscommunication among the various levels of management and the employees of the organization. Seventhly, the proper and improved communication will reduce the time consumption and thus any problems can be solved much quickly (Lindholm et al. 2012). Eighthly, it can be said that the improved communication will indirectly improve the profit percentage of the firm due to the increased sales revenue of the firm. It will lead to increase in the market value and the product value of the firm. Lastly, it can be said that the improved communication within the firm will improve the organizational culture, organizational conflict can be reduced and all the risks of the firm can be managed easily. Management of change As per the case study, within the organization JCB Ltd, various changes are required to implement. These include firstly, the present organizational structure should be changed. The reason behind this is that the present structure is large and more complex so in order to avoid any confusion and complexity the organizational structure should be modified into a simple one. In a complex and large organizational structure, any information or message of the higher level of management takes longer time to reach the bottom level of management and employees. In addition to this, the quality of the decision also is modified. Therefore, in order to keep the quality of decision and information intact, and to reduce the time consumption and complexity of the present structure, new simplified organizational structure should be implemented within the firm JCB. Secondly, the just in time (JIT) procedure should be changed. The reason behind this is that the process just in time reduces the wastes w ithin the firm but it makes the process slower and longer. Therefore, in order to make the process of production faster and to abolish the delays and late deliveries of the products to the clients due to delay in receiving the raw materials from the suppliers, new production and operation process should be implemented within the firm JCB. In addition to this, as the time is an essential factor and the particular market segment is highly competitive, thus, JCB should not get delayed in the delivery of the products as this will affect the firm adversely (Mondy and Mondy 2012). On the other hand, as the products of the firm JCB are in maturity stage of the product life cycle, the product value as well as the market value of the firm is much high and these positives help the sales people to gain new customers and also to retain the existing customers. Additionally, on time delivery of the products to the clients also add value to the firm. Thirdly, the communication gap should be either reduced or abolished as this will bring improvement in the sales volume and profit percentage of the firm JCB. Fourthly, the risk management should be modified within the firm as improved and efficient risk management would lead the firm to run effectively, smoothly, successfully and profitably. The process of change management should be considered and implemented within the firm JCB limited as per Kotters eight step change model. This particular model mainly has eight simple steps through which the change management can be implemented within an organization. These include firstly, to increase urgency, secondly, to develop the guiding team, thirdly, to get the vision correctly, fourthly, to communicate for buy-in, fifthly, to empower action, sixthly, to develop short-term wins, seventhly, to do not let up and lastly, to get stuck to the changes made (Truss, Mankin and Kelliher 2012). However, it is a common factor that the employees of the particular organization will try to resist changes within the firm due to various reasons, like insecurity in their jobs, change in their job role and changes in their pay structure and employment contract. Nevertheless, all these resistances to the changes can be handled by the project manager for the betterment of the organization and the employees by implementing four steps. These include firstly, understanding the resistance and its primary cause, secondly, to communicate or to act in order to address the main cause. Thirdly, by paying attention to the requirement in order to act continuously and lastly, by providing mechanisms to spontaneously engage the mass population in the change, the manager can resist the changes within the firm (Rand 2012). Risk Management and assessment of risk reduction methods According to the case study, it has been found that the company JCB Limited faces various risks. These include firstly, the communication gap between the upper and lower levels of management and secondly, time consuming factor for the process of supply of inventory. The present organizational structure of the organization JCB is huge and complex, thus it has a huge numbers of middle persons who pass the information or decision from one level of management to another. This results into modification of the quality of the decision made by the managing director and thus it affects the employees and their performances adversely (Robbins and Judge 2012). On the other hand, the increased communication gap results into increased level of misunderstanding and miscommunication. This might also affect the organizational culture and thus it can lead to organizational conflict. Therefore, it can be said that this risk of communication gap might affect the business of the organization JCB Limited adversely. On the other hand, the second risk is the prolonged period of 7 days that are taken by the suppliers of the organization JCB for supplying any parts of the machines like cabs, hydraulics systems and engines. The present market of this particular sector is highly competitive. Thus, for this company, time is considered as an important factor as slight delay in the delivery of the products to the clients will increase the probability of the firm of losing its total numbers of customers. Therefore, it can be said that time consumption for supplying the inventories as per the just in time process will affect the business of the organization adversely. In the high competitive market, the delay in the delivery of the products will result into increased amount of loss (Schermerhorn 2012). Even the brand value as well as the market value of the products of the firm JCB will decrease. This will result into decrease in total amount of sales volume, thus the revenue of the firm will also decrease along with the decrease in the total earnings of the firm. Therefore, it can be said that the customer satisfaction plays a vital role in the successful running of a business. Thus, in order to mitigate these risks, the organization JCB Limited should implement modified organizational structure with the aim to decrease the complexity and communication gap between the upper and lower levels of management and the employees. The numbers of middle persons within the organizational structure should be reduced in order to reduce the time consumption for both upward and downward communications (Werner, Schuler and Jackson 2012). The misunderstanding, miscommunication and organizational conflict should be reduced in order to maintain a healthy organizational culture as well as environment within the workplace. In addition to this, new process of inventory should be implemented such that time consumption can be reduced as well as the quantity of the wastes can also be reduced and controlled. Moreover, the products of the firm JCB Limited should be delivered on time, such that the market value as well as the brand value of the firm can be increased. This will also a ct as a positive factor for the sales persons of the firm. The will also help to increase the sales revenue of the firm along with it the earnings (Collins 2011). Therefore, all the risks faced by the firm should be mitigated by implementing proper measures in order to run the business successfully and profitably. The risks can be measured through various models. However, these mentioned risks can be managed by implementing a five step model of risk management. The risk management model is as follows: Figure 4: Risk Management Model (Source: Collins 2011) From the above model it can be said that the mentioned risks within the firm JCB Limited can be managed by implementing the five steps of this model (Clements and Gido 2012). These are firstly, identification and analysis of the risks, secondly, the risk management techniques should be examined. Thirdly, accurate risk management technique should be selected, fourthly, the identified techniques should be implemented and lastly, the results will be monitored in order to run the business successfully and profitably (Cavanagh 2011). Therefore, it can be recommended that by implementing this risk model, all the risks that are associated with the organization JCB Limited should be managed such that efficiency of the firm can be increased along with its profit percentage. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that the particular organization JCB Limited has various negativities with respect to certain areas like organizational structure, product life cycle, communication, management of change and risk assessment. From the analyses, it can be said that the present organizational structure of the firm JCB should be modified and should make it much simpler. The time consumption should be reduced such that the time that takes for passing on the information and the decision from one level of management to another should be reduced in order to avoid any complexity within the structure. The management of change within the firm should be implemented in an orderly manner such that the organization runs effectively. The risk assessment identifies the risks that are associated with the firm and thus an accurate risk management model has been recommended to the firm JCB Limited in order to run the business profitably and efficiently. Lastly, in this report, recommendat ions regarding the present stage of the product life cycle of the product lines of the firm have also been provided in order to run the firm successfully in the high competitive market. References Cavanagh, M. 2011.Second order project management. Burlington, VT: Gower. Chapman, C., Ward, S. and Chapman, C. 2012.How to manage project opportunity and risk. 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