Superpave Binder Specifications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Superpave Binder Specifications - Essay Example The distresses include fatigue, thermal cracking, and rutting. Tests related to performance were essentially applied to address the three distresses. The distresses are attributed to climate changes. Another specification is grade selection. The grade selection specification entails the determination of temperature extremes for the performance of the pavement. Typically, pavement performs under a certain range of temperatures (Texas Department of Transportation). The grade can be established by indicating the low or high temperatures for pavement performance. Distress and tests form another specification in which the binder and pavement life become predictable when the pavement lasts long enough. Testing for compliance is important to establish the PG binder grade. This is done through classification and verification for unknown and known PG grade respectively (Texas Department of Transportation). The proper binder grade for Bowling Green, Kentucky area is selected based on the Super pave aggregate requirements. The pavements have to satisfy the compaction requirements, which are unusual. The binder grade needs to have at least 92 percent of solid density (The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials). This would be due to the unusual compaction requirements that would be applied (The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials). Segregation may be used to describe various phenomena, but it is typically short of homogeneity in the constituents of hot mix asphalt for the in-place mat. It has such a magnitude to an extent that there is an expectation of pavement distresses that are highly accelerated. The segregation of HMA pavements is a major problem because it results in poor performances in many pavements (Cross and Brown, 1).

Brewing - Beer Essay Example for Free

Brewing Beer Essay The history of beer dates back hundreds of years prior to written history. Besides water and tea, beer is one of the most-frequently consumed beverages in the world. Contrary to popular belief, that all beers are typically the same, there are many variances in color, flavor, strength, production method, ingredients and origin. Beer can be divided into 2 broad sub-categories: ale and lager. Ales were the first type of beer ever created before brewers knew the role yeast played during the beer making process. Ale yeasts flocculate at the top of the fermentation tank and are brewed from malted barley using a warm fermentation. The yeast ferments the beer quickly, which gives it a full bodied and fruity taste. They also contain hops, which gives the bitter herbal flavor that helps balance the sweetness of malt and preserve the beer. After fermentation, ales are usually aged no more than a few weeks or so. Most are served close to room temperature and contain rich aroma and flavor. There are many different types of ales including brown ales, pale ales, dark ales, mild ales, strong ales cream ales, Burton ales, German ales, Belgian ales, and more. Each type of ale differs in color, flavor, strength, and origin. The second type of beer is called a lager, the most popular style of beer in the world. Some have stated that lagers account for 90% of beers consumed across the globe. Many feel that this is attributed to the more watered down lagers produced in the United States. Lager is derived from the word â€Å"lagern† in German, which means, â€Å"to store†. A lager is a type of beer that is brewed using bottom-fermenting yeast at lower temperatures and is aged for a much longer time than ales creating a cleaner, clearer beer. The yeast used in lagers, Saccharomyces Uvarum, produces fewer ester by-products than seen in ales, allowing other flavors, such as hops, to become more noticeable. The range of flavors noticeable in lagers is more limited than ales. They are always going to be hoppy, malty, sweet, or dry. There is nothing wrong with these flavors, but there are fewer variations, which explains why many people insist that all beers taste alike. They are invariably served cold and can pair easily with a wide variety of food. There are some fundamental differences in the way ales and lagers are produced. There are three main discrepancies between the making of ales and lagers: types of yeast, temperature and time, and additional ingredients. In terms of the variances in yeast, ales typically use yeast that ferments at the top of the fermentation tanks. The yeast normally rises to the top closer to the end of fermentation. Also, there are chemicals that are produced in ales, called esters that inhibit a sweeter, fruity taste to the beer. However, in lagers, the yeast used is classified as â€Å"bottom-fermenting† yeast, meaning that the yeast ferments at the bottom of the fermentation tanks. One of the benefits of using bottom fermenting yeast is that brewers can reuse the left over yeast to produce more beer. Unlike the fruity, sweeter tastes of ales, the yeasts used in lagers do not add any flavor to the beer itself. Much of the taste in lagers can be attributed to other ingredients, including malts and hops. The second major differences between the production of ales and lagers are temperature and time. The yeast used in ales usually ferments better in warmer temperatures, usually around room temperature or close to 75 degrees Fahrenheit. One of the benefits of being able to ferment at this temperature is that ales can age and mature faster than lagers. While ales are best produced in warm temperatures, lagers are made primarily in colder temperatures, around 45 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. As stated earlier, lager is derived from the German word â€Å"lagern† meaning to store. Production of lagers is all about the â€Å"lagern† storing process. Lagers have historically been produced in more European countries where the climates are typically colder. The unique combination of cold temperatures and the bottom fermenting yeast, causes lagers to have much more of a mild, crisp taste. Something else that adds to the taste of a beer, are additional ingredients. The last major difference between ales and lagers are there supplementary ingredients. Ales typically have more of a malty taste, due to an elevated amount of hops, malts, and roasted malts that are added during production. Ale brewers, typically have more leeway with how they produce their beer, and tend to add a several different ingredients during brewing, like the ones mentioned above. These extra ingredients are referred to as, adjuncts. Brewers of lagers only have a few, simple ingredients: malted grain, hops, yeast, and water. The production method of lagers is somewhat due to the stringent Reinheitsgebot Law, also known as the â€Å"German beer purity law†. This law prohibits any adjuncts during the brewing process of lagers, only permitting water, barely, and hops as ingredients. Tea and water maybe two of the most consumed beverages in the world, but beer is right behind in a close third. Beer is gradually becoming more and more popular. This is evident through the new trends of beer companies that have begun to accommodate for the new low calorie beer trend. Corona, Heineken, and Anheuser-Busch have led the pack by producing â€Å"Corona Lite†, â€Å"Heineken Lite†, and â€Å"Budweiser Select†. With more and more companies attending to these trends, beer has broadened their target market. Overall, these companies are innovating the deeply historic production of ales and lagers, that will appeal to people now, and into the future. Although there are a variety of differences between ales and lagers, they do share one common trait, which is that people have enjoyed them across the world for centuries upon centuries. Works Cited Eddings, Bryce. Beer Styles 101 All Beers are Either Ales or Lagers. About. com 17 July 2010: n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http://beer. about. com/od/beerstyles/a/BeerStyles101. htm. Mork, Rachael. Understanding Different Types and Beer Pairings of Beer. Life123 04 March 2010: n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http://www. life123. com/food/cocktails-beverages/beer/understanding-different-types-of-beer-and-beer-pai.shtml. Thadani, Rahul. Lager vs Ale. Buzzle 29 May 2010: n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http://www. buzzle. com/articles/lager-vs-ale. html. Rich, Stephen. Ales vs. Lagers. Modern Gentleman 10 July 2010: n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http://themoderngentleman. ca/2010/ales-vs-lagers/. Viljanen, Susanna. Beer brands,types,styles and brewing. Did You Know? 06 February 2010: n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http://didyouknow. org/beer/. Zagata, Darlene. Lagers vs Ales. Livestrong 23 December 2009: n. pag. Web. 5 Nov 2010. http://www. livestrong. com/article/67308-lagers-vs-ales/.

Text Analysis: Comparing Formal and Informal Dialogue

Text Analysis: Comparing Formal and Informal Dialogue A comparison between a formal text and an informal dialogue. 1.0 Introduction In the traditional way of looking at syntax, an adult, child or the learner of English as a second language ought to gain knowledge of the syntactic rules. During speaking, the speaker is always assumed to have mastered the rules of syntax which should produce coherence in communication. Syntactic rules are always present in the system that features them, as it is assumed, but this is not always the case. Usually, the patterns which are always observed in linguistic data represents what is in the minds of the people who produce such data. In as much as there are varied types of sentences, clause and phrasal types, there are usually agreed rules on how phrases, clauses and sentences should be arranged to give a particular meaning. 2.0. Theoretical Background: 2.1 Types of sentences: The sentences can be categorized with syntactic rules depending on the on the types of clauses that they possess. Greenbaum (1996) also agrees with this fact and defines a simple sentence as one with only a subject and a verb. For example. He went home last Thursday. He further describes a compound sentence as one with one or more independent clauses. For example, I have finished examinations and I know I will pass. While the other category of sentence types is the complex sentences which consist of a subordinate clause supported main by clause. For example, If the phones are cheaper in Barka, I will come to buy there. The other category is the compound-complex sentence structure which consists of two independent clauses and one main clause. For example, The lecturer believed he would pass and with higher grades after he promised to improve. 2.2 Clause Types: When a group of words have a subject followed by a predicate, it is called a clause. Adjective clause can be a sentence or constructions which look like sentences. 2.2.1. Dependent and Independent clauses A clause is commonly defined as a set of words which contain a subject and a verb. According to Carnie (2000), there are two types of clauses thus, independent clause and the second is a dependent clause. Whereas an independent clause cannot stand on its own in a sentence, always beginning with a capital letter and ending up with a punctuation, a dependent clause cannot stand alone in a sentence and must always be attached to an independent clause to obtain coherent sentences. He further adds that a clause may at time be a complete sentence as in the case of independent clause or a construction that looks like a sentence in the case of dependent clause. A dependent clause is used as an adjective in a sentence. This is referred to as a relative clause or an adjectival clause. They have a characteristic of beginning with a pronoun (that, which, whose, whom). For example; [I went to school with that Member of Parliament] [whose constituency borders ours.] The sentence above has two clauses. The one in the first bracket is independent while the second bracket is dependent. As we can see, the first makes complete meaning on its own while the second cannot stand alone. Again the adverbial or the subordinate clauses usually begin with a subordinating conjunction such as when, although and includes a subject or a predicate. 2.2.2. Relative Clauses and Nominal Relative Clauses: When a relative clause has an antecedent within itself, it is referred to as a nominal relative clause while the relative clause is one which contains any of the relative pronouns (who which, that) to introduce a noun phrase or a noun. 2.3 Phrase Types: A phrase, according to Driscoll et al (2010), is defined as a set of related words which occur within a sentence or a clause. A phrase is a part of speech which has a headword which defines the nature of the unit within a sentence. 2.3.1 Noun Phrases There is usually a thin line differentiating noun phrases and adjectival phrases in a sentence. Noun phases always consist of a head noun as well as the adjective or more adjectives which describe it. Look at the sentences below: â€Å"She’s an extra ordinary looking woman, and yet I cannot name anything out of the way.† 2.3.2 Adjectival and Prepositional Phrases. According to Kohl (2008), the following are the types of phrases; adjectival phrases which modify the nouns. For example; John lost his red brown shoes. The other types of phrases are prepositional phrases which work as post modifiers in a sentence. The pre-modifier in a sentence must always be an adverbial phrase while a post modifier can either be a prepositional phrase or a clause. For example; â€Å"Ahmed thought that the pizza smelled awfully funny.† 2.4. Complementizers: The definition of complementizers according to Nelson (2002) is a complement clause which functions so as to complement adjectives, adverbs, verbs and even nouns. Complementizers can take the form of â€Å"who, why, or that† clauses. At times they take to-infinite clauses. For example, â€Å"I don’t understand why he’s carrying an arrow†. Here, the complement clause has completed in the sentence, the subordinate clause. The word why acts as a complementizer. 2.5. Conjunctions: These are those parts of speech which act so as to connect the words, clauses, phrases, and sentences to give it a meaning. The most commonly utilized conjunctions are; for, but, and, yet, nor, and so. They do the work of joining the elements to form a coordinate structure. If a sentence uses a coordinate conjunction, it is referred to as a polysyndeton sentence while the one without conjunction is called an asyndeton sentence. According to Yagoda (2007), there are contrasting characteristics between the coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. These are; the coordinating conjunctions connect phrases, words and clauses of equal rank while the subordinating ones join words of unequal ranks. Example; â€Å"There was a period in history where money and happiness were not synonymous, but now they seem to be synonymous.† In this sentence, though debatable, the conjunction and compares equality between money and happiness while the conjunction but unequalizes the two separate clauses (dependent and independent). 2.6. Adverbials: The adverbials in a sentence play the roles in three categories; 1) adjuncts, 2) conjuncts and 3) disjuncts. Simmons (1997) describes that the adjuncts are found within a clausal formation while the disjuncts as well as the conjuncts are found at the end. Adjuncts do not always form a vital part of a sentence. For instance, â€Å"He will also pass by the hardware†. In addition he adds that a disjunct similarly does not form the essential sentence part. For instance, â€Å"In fact, his main aim was to steal from you†. There are also types of sentences which present adverbials that include conjunctions like however, as a result, therefore, and thus just to mention a few. They also present some arguments which may not be part of sentences but they reveal the past part of a sentence so as to contrast it. Example, â€Å"The floods caused destruction as a result of long rains†. 3.0. Analysis: In this section the principal sentence types and clauses types are going to be discussed and differences shown. Also, the analysis of representative phrases and their categories are going to be considered and all the lexical and syntactic structures that are similar or difference in the two texts about: The apology to the Australian aborigines and The informal dialogue between the Chinese and an Australian. 3.1 Types of sentences A sentence, according to Klammer et al (2004), is a group of words consisting of a subject and a verb. More elements can be added to the sentential verb and subject to improve the meaning. 3.1.1 Simple Sentences: As observed in the theoretical background, a simple sentence consists of a subject and a verb. In the first text, it is observed that there are few instance of simple sentences. The simple sentences like these exist; Text 1 â€Å"We reflect on their past mistreatment† (line 7). Text 2 He sent somebody (line 35). These sentences are independent and they also contain subject and verb, qualifying them to be simple sentences. 3.1.2. Compound Sentences: Text 1 A compound sentence, â€Å"Saying ‘sorry’ was the new order of parliamentary business for the Labor Government led by Kevin Rudd†. This is a compound sentence comprising an independent clause as well as dependent clause separated by a conjunct â€Å"for†. Text 2 In the second text, there are a few compound sentences like; â€Å"Qin Shi Huang was the first emperor to control the whole of China†. Again, the conjunct â€Å"to† has been used to separate the independent as well as the dependent clauses. 3.1.3. Complex Sentences: Text 1 The complex sentence is the one that begins the text on the line 1, thus; [Eleven years after the Australian Human Rights Commission recommended a formal apology to Australian Aborigines], [Prime Minister Rudd has said sorry]. This is because it has an independent and one dependent clause since the first bracket shows a dependent clause while the second, an independent clause forming a meaning even without the independent part. Text 2 In text 2, there exists a complex sentence like the one shown in the example below. [If you drink the elixir of immortality], [you can live forever]. This is a complex sentence separated by comma but begins with a disjunct â€Å"if†. Again, the first bracket is a depedent clause while the second, is an independent one. 3.1.4. Compound-Complex Sentences: The type of sentences which according to Carnie (2001), have two main clauses and at least one subordinate clause. They shares the characteristics of compound and complex sentences. Text 1 On line 20, we meet a compound-complex sentence, [A future where we harness the determination of all Australians, indigenous and non-indigenous], to [close the gap that lies between us in life expectancy, educational] and [economic achievements and economic opportunity]. It has one independent clause and two dependent clauses, making it a compound-complex sentence. The first bracket is an independent clause, second is dependent while the third is also a dependent one. Text 2 There is no clear indication of the existence of a compound-complex sentence here. 3.2 Clause Types: 3.2.1. Main Clauses and Subordinate Clauses Text 1 Looking at line 4, there exists a main clause at the beginning saying, â€Å"The prime minister John Howard refused to apologise† while the second sentence starts with â€Å"saying today’s Australians should not say sorry for the policies of the past†. Text 2 In this text, the independent clause is evident in line 13, â€Å"We call him the emperor of China†. And in line 6, â€Å"When we had the first emperor of china†, doesn’t have complete meaning and needs an independent clause to support it. 3.2.3 Relative clause. Relative clauses, also known as postmodifiers, modifies the noun phrase or noun which precedes them. Traditionally, the relative clauses are categorised into nominal and non-nominal relative clauses. Text 1 In line 20, the following sentence is observed, â€Å"A future where we embrace the possibility of the new solutions to the enduring problems where old approaches have failed†. In this sentence, the realative adverb, â€Å"where† has been used to play the role and turn the clause into a relative noun clause. Text 2 In line 20, the same relative adverb when has been used to relativize a clause â€Å"†¦ when he occupied all the lands, we said he wanted to live forever†. 3.3. Phrase Types: 3.3.1 Noun Phrases: Noun phrase, according to Leech et al (2001), is defined as a word group consisting of a noun or pronoun as its head. It can be a simple one with a single noun. The noun may also in most cases be accompanied by determiners like (a, the, he or her) and complements. Such types of sentences derived from the texts are shown below: Text 1 The parliament of Australia respectfully request that this apology †¦.. this in bold shows the noun phrase. Text 2 In the second text, â€Å" Mh-m. China was very small. Shows another noun phrase beginning with China as a noun. Verb Phrases: Text 1 In the first text, a verb phrase is witnessed in line 21, â€Å"†¦ for the breaking up of families†, this verb phrase depicts whet the noun (Government) did to the Aborigines. Text 2 â€Å"The yellow emperor is the†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this verb phrase yellow describes the emperor as the first emperor of the whole of China. 3.3.2 Adjective Phrases: An adjective phrase is defined by Zuckermann (1997) as a word group that contains an adjective as the head. It is usually accompanied by modifiers or qualifiers. Adjective phrases are modifiers of nouns. Text 1 â€Å"And for the dignity and degradation of the afflicted people †¦.† The afflicted people is an adjectival phrase portraying the type of people being addressed. Text 2 There exists an adjective clause, â€Å"the first emperor of China†. This adjectival phrase precisely describes the real noun being talked about to distinguish him from other emperors. 3.3.2 Prepositional phrases. Text 1 â€Å"The children were placed in orphanages and church homes in the white community† The prepositional phrases cited in line 3 have been placed in bold. Text 2 â€Å"Similar Chinese characters in Japanese language†. The bold part shows the prepositional phrase. 3.3.3 Complementers and relativisers. Text 1 Like any other organised text syntactically, the text one has various situations of complementers. For example, .. â€Å"resolving that this new page in history of our great continent can now be written†. That in this sentence is a relativizer. Text 2 In text 2 the complementizer has been use and it is, â€Å"which†. For example â€Å"The words which like yao†. Has been joined using a complementiser, â€Å"which†. 3.4 Coordination Conjunctions 3.4.1 Co-ordinating Conjunctions: Text 1 There are many sentences, clauses and phrases in the first text where the coordinating conjuctions exist. For instance. â€Å". educational achievements and economic opportunity†. The conjunct and joins the two phrases to give the whole sentence a meaning. It shows that one thing has happened and another will follow. Text II There are a few instances of the coordinating conjunctions in the second text, For example, â€Å"words with the same pronunciation† here the conjunct with joins two words with similar strengths and this is another example of a coordinating conjunction. 3.4.2 Subordinating Conjunctions: Text 1 In the first text, the line number 2 provides us with a good example of subordinating conjunction. It exists between a main clause and a subordinate clause. For example, â€Å" the human rights commission estimated that from 1901 until 1970 more than †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Text 2 In the second text, we observe a subordinating conjunct because when it separates the â€Å"Did not come back because if he could †¦.† This also separates the main clause and the subordinate clause. 4.0 Conclusions Since the two texts represent different situations, one being formal and the other, informal, it becomes hard to come up with a good summary of comparisons because they represent different genres. It is evident that the first text is syntactically organized in its sentential, clausal and phrasal levels while the second is a dialogue prone to interjections so that the sentences are not formally structured. All the same, text 1 has good organization, less simple sentences but more compound, complex and compound-complex than the text 2. References Carnie, A., (2001) Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell Pubishers. Driscoll, D. Brizee, A., (2010) Purdue OWL Engagement: Sentence and Clause Arrangement for Emphasis. [Online] Available at: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/609/04/ [Accessed 29 April 2015]. Greenbaum, S. Nelson, G., (2002) An Introduction to English Grammar. 2nd ed. Edinburgh : Pearson Education Limited . Hana, J., (2011) Introduction to Linguistics Syntax. Oxford: s.n. Klammer, P., Schulz, M., Volpe, D., (2004) Analyzing English Grammar. 4th ed. Longman. Kohl, J. R., (2008) the Global English style Guide: Write Clear, Translatable Document for a Global Market. SAS. Leech, G., Cruickshank B., Ivan R.,(2001) An A-Z of English Grammar Usage. 2nd ed. Edinburg: Pearson. Simmons, R., (1997-2015) Grammar Bytes. [Online] Yagoda, B., (2006) Parts of Speech, N.Y. TiMESJuly 9, ,  § E (Magazine). Zuckermann, G., (2006) Complement Clause Types in Israeli. In: W. Dixon A. Aikhenvald, eds. Complementations: A Cross-Linguistic Typology. s.l.:s.n., pp. 78-81. Hamlet | Character Analysis Hamlet | Character Analysis In the play, Hamlet: Prince of Denmark by Shakespeare, Hamlets soliloquies reveals much about his character. From to the beginning to the end of the play, Hamlets soliloquies reveal that he is virtuous and he is a man with courage, but is quite indecisive. In the beginning Hamlet expresses that he is reluctance and indecisive. Towards the end of the play, Hamlet still shows a constant sign of being reluctance. However, there are other traits that shine through from his soliloquies. Towards the end, Hamlet shows that his is an honorable man, but at the same time he is not a genuine man. These characteristics are explored through Hamlets various ways of insulting himself for not acting on his beliefs. Hamlet needs constant reassurance from others that he is choosing the right path and proceedings with the correct actions. Hamlets first appearance in the play and his early soliloquies show signs of a human without any emotional or feelings. Once Hamlet is notified about the new King of Denmark; Hamlet expresses to his uncle, how weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, seem to me all the uses of this world! Fie ont! ah fie! tis an unweeded garden (1.2.135-137). Hamlet explains that the world seems to him to be quite meaningless, now that his mother is married to his uncle. However, soon after, in the same soliloquies; Hamlet speaks insensitively of his mother. He expresses extreme sorrow towards his mothers choice to marry his uncle. Hamlet expressed his true feelings regarding his mothers poor choice, married with my uncle, my fathers brother, but no more like my father than I to Herculesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (1.2.153-154). He claims that his mother disgraces his fathers name. He is quite depressed over the loss of his father and his mothers quick marriage to his uncle. Hamlet believes that no one will ever be as great as his father. He contrasts his father to his uncle, saying that Claudius and King Hamlet have nothing in common; similar to himself and Hercules. In away, Hamlet is insulting himself; showing a sign of insecurity. The fact that Hamlet is contrasting himself to Hercules, who display a symbol of intellectual and physical strength; he implies that he lacks self worth and self esteem. Hamlet also shows a sign of a man with honor. He shows a sign of virtuous as he expresses his feelings regarding Gertrudes marriage, O, most wicked speed, to post, with such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not nor it cannot come to good, but break, my heart; for I must hold my tongue (1.2.158-161). Hamlet must restrain from revealing his true feelings because he is afraid to hurt his bother. However, this decision shows that Hamlet is reluctance fix what he believes is wrong. Hamlet believes that he should not say or do anything about his mothers relationship with his Uncle. He cannot expre ss his true feelings. Even though, he sees this as a betrayal to his father. Hamlet appears to be indecisive because he will not act as he wishes, despite what he believes. After speaking to his fathers ghosts, Hamlet discovered new and profound dedication, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ my sinews, grow not instant old, but bear me stiffly up. Remember thee! Ay, thou poor ghost, while memory holds a seat. In this distracted globe. Remember thee! Yea, from the table of my memory Ill wipe away all trivial fond records (1.5.94-99). In this soliloquy, Hamlet is exhibiting courage by agreeing to follow the ghosts order. Hamlet is telling himself to hold to his fathers ghosts commandment and to drop all other distractions from his mind. As the play begins to reach its raising action, Hamlet contemplates the purpose of life, to be, or not to be: that is the question. Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer. The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (3.1.64-67). Hamlet is still showing qualities of an indecisive human being. He cannot decide whether it is better to live with suffering or to die and not know what is going to happen. This soliloquy also shows a positive side of Hamlets characteristics. Hamlet expresses, that the dread of something after death, the undiscovered country from whose bourn. No traveler returns, puzzles the will and makes us rather bear those ills we have, than fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all. And thus the native hue of resolutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (3.1.88-92). This soliloquy also shows that Hamlet is a man of reason. He sees that it is better to live and suffer than to die and not know wha t is going to happen. He is not completely indecisive or reluctant about what choices to make. He is able to contemplate the questions and the issues surrounding the questions; which will lead him to successfully make a choice. As the play beings to reach its climax, Hamlet still shows signs of indecisiveness. Even though at times, he shows signs of being a man with honor and virtue; the indecisive and reluctant in him gets worst. Hamlet plans to carry out the ghosts wish. However, he acts one way, but feels differently in his heart. This reveals that Hamlet is not a genuine person, as he expresses, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦now he is a-praying, and now Ill dot. And so he goes to heaven, and so am I revenged. That would be scanned: A villain kills my father, and for that I, his sole, son, do this same villain send to heave. Why, this is hire and salary, not revenge (3.3.77-84). Hamlet is not able to carry out the ghosts wish because he is indecisive. For this reason, Hamlet is disappointed and frustrated with him because he has not taken the granted opportunity to avenge his fathers death by killing Claudius. Soon, Hamlet decides to end his indecisive thoughts on the act of a murderous revenge. Hamlet declares, o, from this time forth my thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth (4.4.69-70). His frustration with himself and his lack of action has driven himself to realize that it is his destiny to kill Claudius. No matter what, Hamlet will carry out the ghosts wish. In this soliloquy, it can be seen that Hamlets characteristic improves upon denouement of the play.

nationalism :: essays research papers

Founded in 1965 by Ron Karenga, US emerged in Southern California shortly after Watts exploded into a riot and Malcolm X was assassinated. As nationalist sentiment grew among African American organizations because of the impact of Malcolm X, US established itself as a cultural nationalist group. It called for racial unity and for black people to free themselves from white oppression by embracing a "recovered" African culture. For US, that meant Kawaida, a quasi-religious system of beliefs and rituals advocating black pride, unity, culture and self-defense. Upon becoming a member or "advocate" of US, a person was given a Swahili name, urged to wear African clothing and immersed in the group's complex doctrine, practices and organizational hierarchy. Karenga, a budding scholar of African studies who was fluent in Swahili, constructed Kawaida, says Brown, by adapting rituals and beliefs -- primarily from the Zulus of South Africa -- to the organization's own rituals, beliefs and holidays. Kwanzaa, a holiday created by US in 1966, is now observed by millions of African Americans. Brown's portrait is historically sharp and honest. He includes a discussion of the damaging effects of sexism and of Karenga's cult of personality. Brown's research is also sensitive to misconceptions that have plagued US' past, such as the name standing for "United Slaves." The name, Brown says, simply "stands for Black People: the pronoun 'US' as opposed to 'them,' the white oppressors." Brown's study of US emerges as a keen observation of how a relatively small group became a central force in a mass movement through its ideological influence. "The group's approach to organizing," Brown writes, "which resisted mass recruitment into its ranks . . . saw no need for a large membership. Their goal was to ideologically influence other organizations with its united- front approach, and thus direct the course of the coming 'cultural revolution. ' " Brown illustrates this best in the section "The New Ark Laboratory," in which he cites US' alliance with writer-activist Amiri Baraka and several organizations in Newark, N.J., which not only helped elect the city's first black mayor but also turned Newark into a stronghold for the Kawaida doctrine when US fell into decline in the early '70s. Brown is equally attentive to the stumbling blocks faced by US. For instance, the section "Operational Unity and the US-Panther Conflict" gives a dynamic history of the escalating tensions between US and the Black Panther Party, as well as Karenga's political missteps that jeopardized US' anti- establishment credibility. nationalism :: essays research papers Founded in 1965 by Ron Karenga, US emerged in Southern California shortly after Watts exploded into a riot and Malcolm X was assassinated. As nationalist sentiment grew among African American organizations because of the impact of Malcolm X, US established itself as a cultural nationalist group. It called for racial unity and for black people to free themselves from white oppression by embracing a "recovered" African culture. For US, that meant Kawaida, a quasi-religious system of beliefs and rituals advocating black pride, unity, culture and self-defense. Upon becoming a member or "advocate" of US, a person was given a Swahili name, urged to wear African clothing and immersed in the group's complex doctrine, practices and organizational hierarchy. Karenga, a budding scholar of African studies who was fluent in Swahili, constructed Kawaida, says Brown, by adapting rituals and beliefs -- primarily from the Zulus of South Africa -- to the organization's own rituals, beliefs and holidays. Kwanzaa, a holiday created by US in 1966, is now observed by millions of African Americans. Brown's portrait is historically sharp and honest. He includes a discussion of the damaging effects of sexism and of Karenga's cult of personality. Brown's research is also sensitive to misconceptions that have plagued US' past, such as the name standing for "United Slaves." The name, Brown says, simply "stands for Black People: the pronoun 'US' as opposed to 'them,' the white oppressors." Brown's study of US emerges as a keen observation of how a relatively small group became a central force in a mass movement through its ideological influence. "The group's approach to organizing," Brown writes, "which resisted mass recruitment into its ranks . . . saw no need for a large membership. Their goal was to ideologically influence other organizations with its united- front approach, and thus direct the course of the coming 'cultural revolution. ' " Brown illustrates this best in the section "The New Ark Laboratory," in which he cites US' alliance with writer-activist Amiri Baraka and several organizations in Newark, N.J., which not only helped elect the city's first black mayor but also turned Newark into a stronghold for the Kawaida doctrine when US fell into decline in the early '70s. Brown is equally attentive to the stumbling blocks faced by US. For instance, the section "Operational Unity and the US-Panther Conflict" gives a dynamic history of the escalating tensions between US and the Black Panther Party, as well as Karenga's political missteps that jeopardized US' anti- establishment credibility.

Business to Business vs Business to Consumer Sites

Ethical, legal and regulatory issues of Business to Business (B2B) sites are quite similar to Business to Consumer (B2C) sites. The only difference is that the costumer is either a company or just an average Joe consumer. If he/she/it is a victim of a scam, false ad or leaking of valuable information, then the only result is loss of customer or possible revenue for the business. Rules governing online business differ from place to place so fraud is quite common on the online world. B2C web sites are about publicity, but B2B is often unmentioned because it is always in the background.Here we will look at the issues governing both web sites. It is important to take note that the ethical, legal and regulatory issues overlap or connect with each other. Ethical Since the boom of the Internet, ethics became very important online. Ethical issues in B2B sites deal with information about their companies and transactions they had. Ethics in this situation is very important. Sharing information about one’s company to another is unethical since it could be used by other companies against the company itself.Since the transactions had been done online one of the companies involved in the transaction could post the information about the transactions. The information posted could be virtually impossible to trace back to a company. Codes of ethics was developed to protect both parties. While on B2C sites, the issue is the privacy of the consumer. Not every consumer wants his name being advertised on web pages without his permission. For example, a famous artist bought an item over the net. Consequently, the company had his personal information since most of them require it. And the company posts his name as their customer.Then at that instant the famous artist became their endorser. But the privacy issue applies in both B2B and B2C sites. New technologies have emerged and these have impacts on the lives of consumers and businesses. Security and privacy become significant for the protection of both businesses and consumers. Anyone can post advertisements, unethical and illegal marketing and Ebusiness email scams that it is hard to determine who to trust online. For the most part, the participant’s ethics are set forth by ethical codes developed by international governing bodies which protect both parties.Legal Legal issues concerning B2C sites include copywriting and publishing. Libel can have bad implications if negative or defamatory articles were published about people and companies on other websites. Information must be fully researched before posting. Intellectual property rights should also be observed to prevent from any legal damages. Copyright infringements in both B2B and B2B websites should be avoided since this will affect the credibility of the websites and their relationship with the consumers or businesses. Only factual information should be posted.Before publishing anything, the web site must get permission first from the clie nts. Scams also have bad legal implications for the websites. They can be sued for publishing information that is incorrect or malicious. Both B2B and B2C sites should avoid money making scams. Identity theft, as well as Internet frauds in B2C sites will result to major problems. Moreover, if webmasters do unethical alterations in a clients web site, it will result to long lasting negative consequences for the business and for the client. This may urge clients to take legal action that may be harmful to the life of the B2C sites.Another area where B2B and B2C sites differ is on revealing trade secrets or intellectual property. Violation will only occur if an employee leaked information or sold it to a competitor. But unless a consumer invented or patented a product and was taken advantage of by a business, any statement saying that revealing or selling intellectual property will not apply here. Regulatory Regulations of B2B and B2C sites vary from state to state. Regulatory issues c oncerning B2B sites include activities which look into regulating the site.Since these sites post advertisements or pop-ups about their businesses, regulation must be observed so that only pop-ups of the business or company appear. The traffic of information is also regulated so that clients are not lost when they navigate these web sites. Regulations also play an important role to keep everything on track. B2C sites, on the other hand, also see regulation as important. Oftentimes, other companies post their ads on the sites of their competitors, thus attracting the consumers to visit and maybe try their services. This is stealing of customers, which is also an ethical and legal issue.Through regulation, this kind of situation can be prevented. Other regulatory issues involved include regulations on electronic, e-commerce, credit/cash policies, international trade, tariffs, privacy, digital media offers and security. REFERENCES Franz, Nora. (28 March 2006). Consumers: Beware of Onli ne â€Å"Freebie† Scams, Including Magazine Subscriptions Ethics in Question for Online Businesses Offering Freebies. Warholic, James A. Importance of Ethics on the Internet. Warholic, james A. Internet Marketing B2B vs B2C Comparisons for the Twenty-First Century.

Realism: Citizen Kane & Double Indemnity Essay

Movies have long been known to create a portal through which its viewers can transcend through their own realities and experience the unimaginable. The visual, sounds, and narrative of great movies immediately attract the focus of its audience as they move into a trance for those 1-2 hours of screen time. While many great movies introduce their audiences to varying experiences that heighten their senses and grasp their focus, some measure of relatability is necessary to connect with audiences. Such concepts of implementing elements of realism into the various facets of a film help establish a relevant connection, through which audiences can relate. However during the Hollywood Classical era, introducing such techniques of intensifying realism in movies was often unconventional and not an achievable goal for directors and cinematographers. The techniques required to implement such elements were either not well known or plausible. There were some movies during this era that did defy such tendencies and broke barriers in terms of delivering a movie that differentiated through such concepts like realism. Two famous films that have utilized certain techniques in creating an intensified form of realism in their own ways are Citizen Kane, by Orson Welles, and Double Indemnity, by Billy Wilder. The story of Citizen Kane and its main character Charles Foster Kane is actually loosely based of the real-life media mogul William Randolph Hearst, and Chicago tycoons Samuel Insull and Harold McCormick. Considering that the movie is based loosely off the lives of famous individuals already brings in a strong sense of realism within the film that audiences can understand. Yet just because Charles Foster Kane is somewhat based on these figures does not immediately equate it to an intensified form of realism. In fact, what really separates Citizen Kane from many other films, in aspects of compounding realism, are its use of unconventional cinematographic techniques. In an article from American Cinematographer in February 1941, Gregg Toland, the cinematographer for Citizen Kane, emphasizes that the movie’s â€Å"keynote is realism.† Two important techniques that were used by Toland and Welles in making the movie into more of a reality were the mis-en-scene and visual flow of the picture. The mis-en-scene and sets developed for Citizen Kane were crucial in establishing certain aspects of reality with the audience. One important feature that Toland and Welles made sure of during their shootings was that scenes in rooms actually had ceilings. As silly as it may sound now, conventionally shots taken inside a room on set rarely used to have ceilings. Even if they did have ceilings, viewers could only see them during Extreme long shots. In the case of Citizen Kane however, Toland and Welles realized that in reality, the audience would consciously realize anytime they are in a room that a ceiling exists. Thus it would make sense to bring such practicality into the scenes of the movie. In fact, this technique is employed multiple times through out the movie like when Kane, Leland, and Bernstein are in the office of the Inquirer and Kane comes up with the Declaration of Principles. During this sequence, the ceiling is within the frame of the lens for almost all the shots. Another sequence in which the ceiling is clearly visible is right after Kane loses the election and has a quasi-argument with Leland about his ideologies. In this sequence the camera is placed at such a low angle that almost every shot is a long shot where the audience can clearly see the whole figures of the characters and the ceiling. Such a technique of ensuring not only the construction of a ceiling on set, but also its presence on shots through out the movie intensifies the notion of realism. The audience is not just watching characters on a set in some studio, but they are actually seeing characters in a normal room. Another great thing about the mis-en-scene and set production of Citizen Kane is that it actually helped in delivering smooth visual flows, thus promoting notions of realism. Welles’ concept for the film was to make it as real as possible and executing that concept through the details of shooting the film. Welles and Toland came upon the agreement of avoiding straight cuts as much as possible as it was unnatural. Instead they focused more on developing a depth of field and pan/track shots. For instance, during the beginning of the movie, there is a scene during which Kane’s mother and father agree to sign over their son to Thatcher to be educated. During this sequence the shot starts with Kane playing outside in the snow. The camera then tracks out through the window of the house and all the way back into the dining room where Kane’s mother signs the papers provided by Thatcher. Through out this single shot, the depth of field ranges from young Kane playing outside all the way into the dining room. Conventionally, such a shot would have probably been broken up but Welles and Toland insisted on delivering long shots through the film to preserve its form of realism. Contrasting to Citizen Kane, the crime/thriller film Double Indemnity brings upon different technical aspects that intensify its notion of realism. As a film noir and crime thriller, Double Indemnity focuses on the fatal romance between a smart insurance salesman, Walter Neff, and a greedy housewife, Phyllis Dietrichson. Double Indemnity is glorified as one of the classic film noirs with its peculiar style such as an affinity for the night and rain, romantic narration, and presence of a femme fatale. However in addition to depicting a classic film noir, Double Indemnity utilizes certain effects to heighten its sense of realism and produce a stronger connection with its audience. One unique feature within this film is its predominant use of on-screen narration, depicting what the protagonist Walter thinks. A lot of times during the film, the on-screen narration will appear during moments of high tension or scenes exhibiting the restricted narrative. It also comes on when Walter starts to think to himself why he is committing to the idea and execution of murder and how he does not care if it is wrong because he is infatuated with Phyllis. For instance, in the beginning of the film, after Walter leaves Phyllis’ home, realizing she may want to purchase accident insurance for the â€Å"wrong reasons,† the on-screen narration comes on depicting his thoughts at his apartment. The audience hears Walter’s thoughts and how he feels completely out of it and cannot stop thinking about Phyllis. Such thoughts of infatuation and confusion are feelings the audience can relate to and put into perspective in their own lives, which intensifies the realism effect. Another technique utilized in Double Indemnity is the lighting effect on-screen. Coinciding with the style of a film noir is the use of low-key lighting in significant portions of the film. Many shots through out the movie, such as in Phyllis’ home, Walter’s apartment, and the car ride to the train station when Phyllis’ husband is murdered all use low-key lighting. The usage of the effect itself does not immediately signify a sense of realism but the fact that the lighting technique is used during moments of tension and suspense adheres to the mood and emotions of the movie. This combination is essentially what is picked up by viewers and again builds upon the idea of creating a relatable connection through which viewers can watch the film. Another combination that is prominent in the film is the crafted amalgamation of the non-diegetic soundtrack and the tension built up in certain scenes. A perfect example is during the car ride to the station when Walter murders Phyllis’ husband, the music slowly builds up in speed and volume as the scene gets closer to the time of the murder. During the action of the murder, the music is blaring with eerie music. Another interesting point is that instead of focusing on the murder, the shot is focused on Phyllis’ face and her glaring eyes lit by the low-key lighting. This combination of the various elements of lighting, sound, and camerawork culminate together to create a very real and thrilling scene. In might even seem contradictory to say these â€Å"added† elements intensify the form of realis m evident in the film, but as mentioned earlier, to deliver realism, a connection needs to be established with the audience. The connection created in Double Indemnity is based on tone and the mood set through the elements mentioned above. The notion of incorporating a form of realism within a film is beyond creating a narrative that would seem feasible in the real world. Actors and Actresses can also do their best in mimicking the habits of society in their performances but at the end, a movie will be just a movie in the eyes of the audience. However through the usage of distinct cinematic elements, a relatable connection can be created between the film and the audience. Such a connection allows for the concept of realism to be achieved considering the concept itself falls in the perception of the viewers. From the analysis provided above, both films Citizen Kane and Double Indemnity employ special techniques that aim to intensify the form of realism evident in their narratives. In doing so, each film delivers, in their own unique way, a screenplay that objectifies a truth held in the general values of our society. For Citizen Kane, it could be the power and destruction caused by greed, and for Double Indemnity, the possibility that lust stains even the good. Regardless of the â€Å"truth,† or message sent, the techniques used by both movies allow for viewers to perceive the story in their own fashion.

War Tactics of the Mongols Essays

War Tactics of the Mongols Essays War Tactics of the Mongols Essay War Tactics of the Mongols Essay A brute, a cannibal, a hooligan, a monster, a rascal, and a barbarian all describe a savage person in a primitive state or a person without culture, refinement or education. Barbarians have always been seen as uncivilized, wild, savage, crude, and uneducated. So is it just to describe the Mongols as such? The answer is no. The Mongols were not barbaric. As the documents discussed in this essay demonstrate, they had highly sophisticated military tactics; they lived by a code of conduct, and actually helped improved life for a conquered people. The Mongols grouped their warriors in armies of 10,000. These in turn were organized into 1,000-man brigades, 100-man companies, and 10-man squads. Their strategy was to attack the enemy head-on and far right left to surround them. The Mongols could be outnumbered, but they brought women and children on horses so it would appear they had many more soldiers. They positioned themselves to surround the fortress so that no one can enter of leave. They divided their up their forces and take turns fighting so they did not get too tired. John of Plano Carpini, the person who saw them fight, most likely did not see all of the Mongol’s war strategies or he might have not have described it in the exact way. He could have left out a valuable note to winnings of the entire Mongol’s battle. With their warmongering maneuvers, they killed over 6 million people. These are reported deaths from varied sources. That is like slaughtering everyone in Chicago twice. They conquered 4,860,000 square miles of land, more than the United States. They controlled more land in 40 years than any â€Å"non-barbarians†. More than Alexander the Great and Tamerlane combined. To achieve such feats the Mongols had to be educated to gain an empire larger than the United States. (Documents 1-4) Barbarians have no code of conduct. They could not care less what happened to there conquered people. The Mongols did care have each other behaved. There were two codes of conduct that guided Mongol life. On of these was the yasa, usually referred to as the Mongol law. The second was the bilik, which was a set of rules to live by. Both codes had rules on hospitality, drinking, and adultery. The codes taught them to share, that adultery could be punished my death and that too much drinking is a punishable offense. The Mongol rulers wanted to root out all adultery and theft and kept severe laws against theft. Scenes have been recorded of Mongol soldiers burying Persian prisoners not just leaving their bodies out to decompose. Barbarians would not care about how they treated other people, but the Mongols were taught to show considerable respect to each other. The Mongols believed in one god and tolerated the religion of others. All Mongols did not live by these codes and did what ever they wanted. Document 5, 7, 9, 10) The Mongols conquered control of the continental caravan routes from China to Persia. The Mongol Empire made significant contributions to economic development. They promoted diversified economic development by taking up residence among their new subjects. In both China and Persia, agriculture and craft production flourished because the leaders were patrons o f art. The Mongol emperors built canals to improve transportation and communication. When one of the Great Khan’s messengers set out, they used the system of post-horses. Every 25 miles a messenger arrived at post to rest and trade horses. It is sort of, like when a trucker stops in a small town to refuel and rest before hitting the road again. Marco Polo most likely never used the Yams to travel and did not how difficult to was to ride an unfamiliar horse, to keep the message uncompromised, and to stay safe from attackers through the route. If the Mongols were barbaric, they would care about helping China and Persia flourish their economy and would not be such fans of art. Of course, the documents did tell of how the Mongols weakened the economy of conquered people. Documents 6 8) None of the documents discusses the opinions of the Mongols from a citizen of a conquered nation. That would tell whether they thought their new leaders were just or cruel. Also, while the documents provide examples of the Mongol’s military tactics they do not mention the life of an average Mongol compared to any other soldier who is apart of an army that is conside r known barbaric to compare behaviors and daily;iug;iug;i routines. Memoirs or a diary demonstrating a Mongol leader’s opinion on whether or not his people are barbarians would have been useful to get his idea of his empire that they rule.